Sebuah Terjemahan 'Organizational structure in Schools'
PENGABAIAN TERHADAP ORGANISASI INFORMAL
Model oragnisasi Weberian juga telah dikritik karena menhilangkan struktur informal. Dinamika kehidupan berorganisasi hanya dapat dipakai jika, seseorang tidak hanyamemperhatikan struktur formal organisasi tersebut tetapi juga memperhatikan peraturan-peraturannya, berkelompok, dan sistem sanksi yang tidak resmi. Pearturan, norma, kepala dan kelompok informal ini secara spontanitas melebur menjadi satu hasil dari interaksi masing-masing individu di organisasi. Interaksi ini menghasilkan struktur sosial dan budaya informal yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku anggota organisasi.
Akibat adanya interaksi informal dalam organisasi formal adalah interaksi tersebut bisa bersifat membangun atau merusak. Charles Page’s (1946) menyatakan bahwa struktur informal, peraturan dan prosedur dimungkinkan mempunyai efek negatif atau positif. Dia beranggapan bahwa banyak masalah serius dipecahkan dengan cara-cara formal tidak terjadi adanya komunikasi atau solusi yang efisien. Bahkan denganadanya sturktur informal itu penting. Contoh: Page mengobservasi bahwa komunikasi yang sifatnya resmi itu harus melalui apa yang disebut ”chain of command (rantai perintah0” yang seringnya memerlukan proses yang panjang. Ini berarti bahwa organisasi informal merupakan alat yang penting untuk menerapkan tujuan-tujuan organisasi yang sifatnya rumit.
Lurance Iannaccone’s (1962) study of school mendukung pentingnya organisasi informal. Dia menambahkan bahwa organisasi informal dapt digunakn sebagai guide untuk memperbaiki organisasi formal.
Keberadaan organisasi informal bukanlah musuh yang harus dimusnahkan, tetapi sebaliknya bisa dijadikan kendaraan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi. Jadi tidak masuk akal apabila menata organisasi formal seperti sekolah tetapi mengesampingkan aspek-aspek organisasi informal (Bleun, 1956). Secara teori, praktek administrasi akan baik dikembangkan dengan kedua komponen yakni formal (yang bersifat rasional) dan informal (yang tidak rasional).
STRUKTUR GANDA MODEL BIROKRASI
Kritik yang sring ditujukan kepada model Weberian adalah kontradiksi internal diantara prinsip-prinsip birokrasi tertentu suatuorganisasi. Menurut Weber, kharakteristik ideal organisasi adalah bersifat konsisten dan efisien secara maksimal. Namun menurut analisa: kenyataannnya fungsi organisasi tidak dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Talcott Parsons (1947, 58-64) dan Gouldner (1954, 21-24) mempertanyakn apakah prinsip yang dijadikanpegangan birokrasi itu adlah otoritas yang berdasarkan kepada kompetensi teknis dan pengetahuan tau otoritas yang berdasrkan kekuasaan legal dan disiplin. Weber (1947, 339) beranggapan bahwa ’administrasi birokrasi merupakan latihan mengontrol sesuai dengan pengetahuan yang dimiliki. Selanjutnya dia mengatakan ” disiplin adalah perintah yang dijalankan secara rasional konsisten, terlatih dan dengan tindakan yang tepat/jelas dimana kritik yang bersifat pribadi tidak tertahan tanpa syarat dan pelakunya dengan teguh dan semata-mata hanya melaksanakn perintah.”
Weber mengungkapakan akan pentingnya disiplin dan keahlian (expertise). Apakah administrasi birokrasi itu berdasar kepada keahlian ataukah disiplin yang disertai dengan petunjuk-petunjuk? Kecuali ada orang yang berasumsi bahwa tidak akan ada konflik antara pemberi perintah (authority) yangberdasarkan pada ’kemampuan dan keahlian teknis’ dan yang berdasarkan pada ’jabatan di posisi hirarkis.’ Inilah dua dasar otoritas yang menjadi konflik dan kontradiksi di dalam model Weberian.
Blau and Scott’s (1962) menganalisa keberadaan kedua model weberian: mereka menyimpulkan nahwa Weber gagl dalam membedakan antara prinsip-prinsip disiplin dan profesional. Mereka menyebutkan bahwa disiplin yang birokrasi dan keahlian yang profesional adalah metode alternatif dalam hubungannya dengan ketidakpastian. Disiplin mengurangi bidang-bidang yang tidak pasti, sementara keahlian mempunyai pengetahuan untuk mengetahui ketidakpastian tersebut. iNti msalahnya adalah karena kalangan profesional sering menjadi pegawai organisasi birokrasi. Disinilah disiplin dan kehalian sering tercampur, sehingga menimbulkan konflik dan ketegangan. Contoh seorang kepala sekolah, apakah otoritasnya berada dalam kantor birokrai ataukah keahlian profesional?
STRUKTUR MEKANISTIK DAN ORGANIK
Ilmuwan Inggris, Tom Burns dan g.M Stalker (1961) memperkenalkan ’organisasi organik dan meknistik’ untuk membedakan antara struktur birokrasi dengan yang bukan birokrasi. Organisasi mekanistik pada hakekatnya sama seperti konsep Weber tentang birokrasi. Struktur organik bersifat tidak formal dan lebih tidak tersetruktur. Keduannya lebih fleksibel tetapi juga membingungkan.
Karakteristik Struktur Mekanistik dan Organik
Struktur Mekanistik Struktur Organik
Pembagian pekerja dan spesialisasinya tinggi. Pembagian pekerjanya rendah; jika diperlukan setiap individu bisa kontribusi.
Koordinasi yang bersifat hirarki dalam pemberian perintah (authority), (formal dan tidak bersifat personal). Koordinasi dengan cara saling menyesuaikan (mutual adjustment), (informal dan personal).
Peraturan sudah ditetapkan Berbagi tanggung-jawab (sedikit aturan)
Bertanggung jawab dn komitmen kepada satu pekerjaan / peran. Bertanggung jawab dan komitmen terhadap organisasi sebagai satu kesatuan.
Kontrol dan komunikasi yang hirarki. Struktur jaringan dengan menekankan kepada tujuan secara umum.
Pengetahuan dan kekuasaan terkonsetrasi pada jajaran tinggi hirarki (high centralisation). Pengetahuan dan kekuasaannya tersebar, menciptakan beragam otoritas sentral (low centralization).
Komunikasi bersifat formal; antara atasan dan bawahan (vertical and directive). Komunikasi tidak formal, umumnya horisontal, bersifat konsultasi dan nasehat.
Memaksakan disiplin yang harus dipatuhi. Berkomitmen dalam pencapaian organisasi; yang dilaksanakan dengan patuh dan loyal.
Intinya adalah tidak memilih konfigurasi struktur mana yang terbaik, tetapi lebih kepada menggunakan perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada untuk mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan di masing-masing struktur. Burns dan Stalker (1961) menghipotesa bahwa organisasi organik akan lebih baik dilaksanakan apabila dalam suatu organisasi yang memerlukan perubahan-perubahan cepat, dan Organisasi mekanistik akan lebih baik apabila dilaksanakan dalam organisasi yang stabil. Tetapi hal itupun tidak sesederhana itu dalam pelaksanaannya. Dalam sssstruktur organik terdapat peran-peran yang kadang membingungkan dan sering menimbulkan kesulitan-kesulitan besar suatu organisasi. Lebih dari itu, struktur mekanistik sebenarnya dapat berinvasi dan melakukan perubahan, khususnya di lingkup manajemen.
STRUKTUR FORMAL DI SEKOLAH
Sekolah sebagai organisasi formal mempunyai banyak kesamaan cirikhas dengan organisasi birokrasi. Cirikhas-cirikha itu diantaranya; menerapkan banyak strategi militer, industri, dan agen-agen pemerintahan, Max Abbort (1965, 45).
Model birokrasi adalah model yang paling banyak diadopsi oleh administrator sekolah dan ini menjelaskan mengapa model tersebut digunakan untuk menganalisa tingkah-laku (behavior) di sekolah.
Asumsi dasar suatu birokrasi adalah bahwa setiap pegawai tingkat bawah mempunyai lebih sedikit kemampuan teknis daripada atasannya. Tetai asumsi ini tidak berlaku atau tidak bisa diterapkan di sekolah atau di organisasi profesional lainnya. Sebaliknya, para profesional sering memiliki kompetensi atau kemampuan teknis yang lebih baik daripada administrator yang menduduki level yang lebih tinggi di organisasi tersebut.
HALL’S APPROACH
Salah satu cara yang paling sistematik untuk mengukur birokrasi adalah pendekatan Hall (1963) tentang perkembangan inventori organisasi,yaitu untuk mengukur 6 karakteristik utama suatu struktur birokrasi. D. A. Mackey (1964) kemudian mengadopsi dan memodifikasi inventori organisasi dalam penelitiannya tentang birokrasi sekolah. Dia mengukur pola-pola birokrasi di sekolah dengan menggunakan the School Organizational Inventory (SOI) berikut ini:
1. Skala Hirarki Skala Otoritas (Hierarchy of Authority Scale)
Anggota staf sekolah ini selalu memperoleh perintah-perintah dari atasan mereka. ”Saya harus bertanya kepada kepala sekolah sebelum saya melaksanakan semua pekerjaan.”
2. Skala Khusus (Specialization Scale)
Program instruksi dibagi-bagi ke dalam wilayah kerja khusus sesuai dengan tugas khusus guru.
3. Skala Peraturan (Rules Scale)
Para guru secara konstan diawasi apakah mereka melanggar aturan-aturan sekolah. Sekolah mempunyai buku yang berisi peraturan-peraturan yang harus diikuti guru.
4. Skala Spesifik Prosedural (Procedural Specification Scale)
Kami harus mengikuti prosedur operasional yang keras sepanjang waktu. Prosedur yang sama harus diikuti dalam situasi apapun.
5. Skala Umum (Impersonality Scale)
Tidak jadi masalah seberapa besar problem siswa atau orang-tua, mereka ahrus diperlakukan sama dengan yang lainnya. ”kami diharapkan untuk lebih ramah, ketika berhubungan dengan orang-tua.”
6. Skala Kemampuan Teknis (Technical Competence Scale)
Promosi jabatan didasarkan pada seberapa bagus anda. Pengalaman mengajar berperan penting dalam penugasan seorang guru di sekolah.
Di sekolah, seperti jenis-jenis organisasi yang lain, komponen-komponen tipe ideal Weber tidak perlu membentuk satu perangkat yang saling berhubungan diantara variabel. Namun sebaliknya, mereka seperti dua tipe berbeda dari suatu organisasi rasional. Seperti yang terangkum dalam table di bawah ini:
Karakteristik Organisasi Pola Organisasi
Hierarchy of Authority Birokrasi
Rules of Incumbents
Procedural Specification
Impersonality
Technical Competence Profesional
Specialization
Perbedaan keduanya terletak pada potensi konflik diantara otoritas yang didasarkan kepada kompetensi teknis dan kemampuan dan yang didasarkan kepada pemegangan aturan di hirarki, dan potensi ketidaktepatan antara profesionalitas dan birokrasi. Untuk menyatukan pola birokrasi dan profesional dalam satu model birokrasi nampaknya mengaburkan perbedaan-perbedaan penting diantara sekolah-sekolah. Memisahkan dua pola yaitu organisasi rasional dan administrasi memungkinkan untuk menemukan sejumlah kombinasi dua pola. Contoh, jika setiap pola dikotomikan, maka dimungkinkan akan ada empat tipe organisasi.
Tipe I (Weberian). Di Organisasi sekolah, profesionalitas dan birokrasi adalah saling melengkapi. Keduanya sama-sama tinggi. Pola ini mirip dengan tipe ideal yang dijelaskan oleh Weber, olehkarenanya kita menyebutnya ’Weberian Structure.”
Tipe II (authoritarian) Organisasi yang tingkat karakteristik birokrasinya tinggi dan tingkat profesionalitasnya rendah. Oleh karenanya, di sini otoritas didasarkan pada posisi hirarki sangat ditekankan. Menjalankan disiplin sesuai dengan peraturan menjadi prinsip dasar kerja. Di tipe ini menekankan kekuasaan yang bergerak dari atas ke bawah.
Tipe III (professional) Organisasi ini menekankan pembuatan keputusan bersama antara administrator dan staf profesional. Anggota staf dipandang sebagai profesional yang mempunyai kemampuan dan kompetensi untuk membuat keputusan penting organisasi. Peraturan dan prosedur berfungsi sebagai guide/pegangan ketimbang sebagai format keras yang harus dijalankan bersama-sama. Di sini guru mempunyai kekuasaan yang besar dalam proses membuat keputusan organisasi. Singkatnya, keputusan-keputusan dibuat oleh orang yang punya pengetahuan dan punya kemampuan untuk membuatnya.
Tipe IV (chaotic) organisasi tipe ini mempunyai tingkat birokrasi dan profesionalitas rendah; olehkarenanya, kebingungan dan konflik sudah menjadi tipe dalam operasional sehari-hari. Tidak konsisten, kontradiksi, dan ketidak-efektifan mungkin meliputi struktur chaotic ini.
Typologi ini mensuguhkan empat sruktur sekolah yang cukup berbeda dan mungkin juga mempunyai konsekuensi berbeda pula bagi guru dan muridnya. Henry Koleser (1967) menemukan bahwa ketidakmampuan siswa sangat tinggi di authoritarian daripada di struktur sekolah yang profesional. Geoffrey Isherwood dan Wayne K. Hoy (1973) juga menemukan hal yang sama bagi guru di dua tipe sekolah yang berbeda. Rasa ketidakmampuan guru lebih besar di authoritarian daripada di struktur profesional. Akan tetapi guru yang berorentasi kepada sosial dan organisasi (yaitu guru yang membuktikan/menunjukkan dirinya berturut-turut dengan nilai-nilai dan goal organisasi, keluarga dan teman) mempunyai kemampuan (power) yang lebih besar di struktur authoritarian dari pada guru yang berorentasi profesionalitas. Gerald H. Moellar dan W. W. Charters (1966) menemukan bahwa guru yang berada di sistem birokrasi tinggi mempunyai kekuasaan (power) yang lebih tinggi dari pada guru yang berada di sistem yang birokrasinya rendah.
Klasifikasi struktur sekolah ke dalam empat tipe struktural ini nampaknya memberi manfaat; kenyataannya, tipelogi ini dapat berfungsi sebagai dasar teori untuk mengembangkan sekolah.
--&&--
Senin, 31 Agustus 2009
Kamis, 13 November 2008
RECOUNT TEXT
Recounts tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event eg a visit to a farm.
Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this event took place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.
The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order eg time.
There may be a reorientation at the end which summarises the event.
This sample recount is labelled to show you the structure and language features of a recount text:
title
A visit to a sheep property
orientation
Last holidays I visited a sheep property. I helped in the shearing sheds and in the yards.
sequence of events
On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched. I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces. Shearers start early (at 7.30 am).
After lunch, we started shearing the lambs. There were more than 400 so we didn't finish until the next day. Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.
I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn't finished. We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well, we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for shearing the next day. Then it was time for tea (that's what my nanna calls dinner).
reorientation
This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot
Writing recounts
When writing recounts you should:
• focus on individual people ie use the words, I or we
• use words which indicate when (eg after lunch) and where the events took place (eg in the shed)
• write in the past tense eg had, visited
• use action words eg helped, crutched.
Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this event took place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.
The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order eg time.
There may be a reorientation at the end which summarises the event.
This sample recount is labelled to show you the structure and language features of a recount text:
title
A visit to a sheep property
orientation
Last holidays I visited a sheep property. I helped in the shearing sheds and in the yards.
sequence of events
On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched. I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces. Shearers start early (at 7.30 am).
After lunch, we started shearing the lambs. There were more than 400 so we didn't finish until the next day. Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.
I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn't finished. We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well, we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for shearing the next day. Then it was time for tea (that's what my nanna calls dinner).
reorientation
This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot
Writing recounts
When writing recounts you should:
• focus on individual people ie use the words, I or we
• use words which indicate when (eg after lunch) and where the events took place (eg in the shed)
• write in the past tense eg had, visited
• use action words eg helped, crutched.
Jumat, 07 November 2008
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
My friend’s new shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products covered all genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in attractive way. The products are international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products covered all genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in attractive way. The products are international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
Senin, 03 November 2008
English for Grade 8(Exercise.3)
FISHING IN THE HARBOUR
Last New Year’s Eve, my family joined some other families on a fishing trip at Greenwich Harbour to welcome the New Year. We went fishing so we could stay up late.
On our way to the harbour, we bought some beef mince at the butcher’s. We used the mince as bait. My parent’s friends brought the fishing rods for us to use. We were a bit late because we tried to find our way to the to find our way to the harbour and got a bit lost.
We started a competition. We agreed that whoever got the most fish would keep all the fish caught that night. After fishing for nearly for nearly three hours, my mom mom got the most fish. All participants gave all their fish to us. It was not bad at all.
The next morning, we enjoyed some fresh fried yellow tail fish with steamed rice for breakfast. That was very special because we had never had it for breakfast before.
1. When did the writer and his family go to Greenwich Harbour?
a. Yesterday morning.
b. Last night.
c. On a fishing trip.
d. Last New Year’s Eve.
2. What activity did they do at the harbour?
a. Bought some beef mince.
b. Held a fishing competition.
c. Bought the fishing rods.
d. Cooked fresh fried yellow fish.
3. What tense are used in the above text?
a. Past Continuous Tense.
b. Simple Present Tense.
c. Simple Past Tense
d. Past Perfect Tense.
4. Who won the competition?
a. The writer.
b. The writer’s mother.
c. The writer’s father.
d. The parent’s friend.
5. The underlined phrase ‘for us’ in the second paragraph above refers to … .
a. The writer
b. The writer’s parents
c. The parent’s friend.
d. The writer and his family.
GOING TO THE BEACH
Last week, Mr. Achmadi and his family had a picnic. They went to Sanur and Kuta Beach. They left by car at three Saturday afternoon. Mr. Achmad drove his car carefully. They arrived at Sanur at six in the evening. Then, they went to a motel near Sanur Beach. They spent the night there.
The next day, they went to Sanur Beach. They went there on foot early in the morning because the motel is not more than a kilometer from the beach. They wanted to see the sunrise. After the sun rose, Mr. Achmad and his wife looked at a tourist painting in a small gallery. Their children, Abidin and Eny, enjoyed a boat trip. At ten o’clock they went back to the motel to have lunch there.
At four in the afternoon, they left for Kuta Beach. They saw what some foreign tourist doing. They spent two hours at Kuta Beach.
(English for Junior High School, Diknas)
6. Where did Mr. Ahmadi and his family stay before going to Sanur Beach?
a. In a motel at Sanur.
b. In a motel at Kuta.
c. In a small gallery.
d. They stayed at Sanur Beach.
7. What time did they go to Kuta Beach?
a. at three
b. at four
c. at a half to four
d. at ten
8. How do they go to Sanur Beach from the motel?
a. by a car
b. by a bicycle
c. take a walk
d. by a boat
9. What is the purpose of the text?
a. to entertain the readers
b. to describe a place specifically
c. to tell someone’s experience
d. to describe a place in general
Tania : …..
Lisa : Oh, really? Thank you.
10. The best expression of complementing above is …..
a. Happy birthday!
b. It’s a nice day to go swimming, isn’t it?
c. Would you come to my party?
d. You look completely beautiful in that dress
Raymond : Hi, Susan. Happy Birthday! May God bless you.
Susan : Thank you, Raymond. I’m glad you could come.
Raymond : So am I
11. The dialog above is the expression of …..
a. asking for agreement
b. congratulating
c. giving an invitation
d. refusing an invitation
Sita : look at you, Toni. You look so pale. Can I get something for you?
Toni : Yes, please. Can you get me a warm drink?
Sita : Sure. Wait a minute. O.K?
Toni : Thanks, Sita
12. The underlined sentences express …..
a. offering for a help – requesting something
b. asking for a permission - requesting something
c. asking for a permission – offering something
d. offering something – asking for a permission
13. Based on the advertisement. Bio-Fresh helps a person..
a. be a better speaker
b. fight off bad breath
c. maintain clean teeth
d. stay alert the entire day
SAN FRANCISCO
San Francisco is my favourite city in the United States. It is beautiful, clean, not too big, and it has something for everybody. I love the streets and buildings in San Francisco. The streets wind up and down the hills, with beautiful old brick and wooden houses on either side.
One of my favourite things to do in San Francisco is to ride the cable car. It takes you to most parts of the city. It’s not a very comfortable ride, but it’s exciting and the views you get from the car are wonderful.
And I like the weather in San Francisco. It never gets too cold or too hot. The summers are pleasant. The fresh breezes blow off the ocean and the sky is always blue. It rains quite a lot in the winter, but it never gets very cold.
Another thing I enjoy about the city is the restaurants. The seafood restaurants, with crabs and lobster, are my favourites. You can also get great Chinese, Japanese, American and European food in San Francisco.
Comprehension questions:
1. What is interesting about streets in San Francisco?
2. Does the cable car only go to certain areas of the city?
3. Can you see the view of San Francisco from the cable car?
4. What’s the weather like there?
5. Does it rain a lot in the summers?
Last New Year’s Eve, my family joined some other families on a fishing trip at Greenwich Harbour to welcome the New Year. We went fishing so we could stay up late.
On our way to the harbour, we bought some beef mince at the butcher’s. We used the mince as bait. My parent’s friends brought the fishing rods for us to use. We were a bit late because we tried to find our way to the to find our way to the harbour and got a bit lost.
We started a competition. We agreed that whoever got the most fish would keep all the fish caught that night. After fishing for nearly for nearly three hours, my mom mom got the most fish. All participants gave all their fish to us. It was not bad at all.
The next morning, we enjoyed some fresh fried yellow tail fish with steamed rice for breakfast. That was very special because we had never had it for breakfast before.
1. When did the writer and his family go to Greenwich Harbour?
a. Yesterday morning.
b. Last night.
c. On a fishing trip.
d. Last New Year’s Eve.
2. What activity did they do at the harbour?
a. Bought some beef mince.
b. Held a fishing competition.
c. Bought the fishing rods.
d. Cooked fresh fried yellow fish.
3. What tense are used in the above text?
a. Past Continuous Tense.
b. Simple Present Tense.
c. Simple Past Tense
d. Past Perfect Tense.
4. Who won the competition?
a. The writer.
b. The writer’s mother.
c. The writer’s father.
d. The parent’s friend.
5. The underlined phrase ‘for us’ in the second paragraph above refers to … .
a. The writer
b. The writer’s parents
c. The parent’s friend.
d. The writer and his family.
GOING TO THE BEACH
Last week, Mr. Achmadi and his family had a picnic. They went to Sanur and Kuta Beach. They left by car at three Saturday afternoon. Mr. Achmad drove his car carefully. They arrived at Sanur at six in the evening. Then, they went to a motel near Sanur Beach. They spent the night there.
The next day, they went to Sanur Beach. They went there on foot early in the morning because the motel is not more than a kilometer from the beach. They wanted to see the sunrise. After the sun rose, Mr. Achmad and his wife looked at a tourist painting in a small gallery. Their children, Abidin and Eny, enjoyed a boat trip. At ten o’clock they went back to the motel to have lunch there.
At four in the afternoon, they left for Kuta Beach. They saw what some foreign tourist doing. They spent two hours at Kuta Beach.
(English for Junior High School, Diknas)
6. Where did Mr. Ahmadi and his family stay before going to Sanur Beach?
a. In a motel at Sanur.
b. In a motel at Kuta.
c. In a small gallery.
d. They stayed at Sanur Beach.
7. What time did they go to Kuta Beach?
a. at three
b. at four
c. at a half to four
d. at ten
8. How do they go to Sanur Beach from the motel?
a. by a car
b. by a bicycle
c. take a walk
d. by a boat
9. What is the purpose of the text?
a. to entertain the readers
b. to describe a place specifically
c. to tell someone’s experience
d. to describe a place in general
Tania : …..
Lisa : Oh, really? Thank you.
10. The best expression of complementing above is …..
a. Happy birthday!
b. It’s a nice day to go swimming, isn’t it?
c. Would you come to my party?
d. You look completely beautiful in that dress
Raymond : Hi, Susan. Happy Birthday! May God bless you.
Susan : Thank you, Raymond. I’m glad you could come.
Raymond : So am I
11. The dialog above is the expression of …..
a. asking for agreement
b. congratulating
c. giving an invitation
d. refusing an invitation
Sita : look at you, Toni. You look so pale. Can I get something for you?
Toni : Yes, please. Can you get me a warm drink?
Sita : Sure. Wait a minute. O.K?
Toni : Thanks, Sita
12. The underlined sentences express …..
a. offering for a help – requesting something
b. asking for a permission - requesting something
c. asking for a permission – offering something
d. offering something – asking for a permission
13. Based on the advertisement. Bio-Fresh helps a person..
a. be a better speaker
b. fight off bad breath
c. maintain clean teeth
d. stay alert the entire day
SAN FRANCISCO
San Francisco is my favourite city in the United States. It is beautiful, clean, not too big, and it has something for everybody. I love the streets and buildings in San Francisco. The streets wind up and down the hills, with beautiful old brick and wooden houses on either side.
One of my favourite things to do in San Francisco is to ride the cable car. It takes you to most parts of the city. It’s not a very comfortable ride, but it’s exciting and the views you get from the car are wonderful.
And I like the weather in San Francisco. It never gets too cold or too hot. The summers are pleasant. The fresh breezes blow off the ocean and the sky is always blue. It rains quite a lot in the winter, but it never gets very cold.
Another thing I enjoy about the city is the restaurants. The seafood restaurants, with crabs and lobster, are my favourites. You can also get great Chinese, Japanese, American and European food in San Francisco.
Comprehension questions:
1. What is interesting about streets in San Francisco?
2. Does the cable car only go to certain areas of the city?
3. Can you see the view of San Francisco from the cable car?
4. What’s the weather like there?
5. Does it rain a lot in the summers?
Rabu, 15 Oktober 2008
English for Grade 8 (Exercise.1)
I. How do you express the following? Please give 2 examples each in sentences
1. Asking for a help and the response
2. Asking for something and the response
II. Please describe the following animals at least four sentences each:
1. snake
2. penguin
3. giraffe
4. monkey
5. elephant
III. Choose the correct answer!
1.Jakarta is the.....city in Indonesia.
a. big b. bigger c. biggest d. more bigger
2.Please drive ...... The road is slippery.
a. slow b. more slowly c. more slow d. slower
3.Riding too fast is.......than riding slowly.
a. dangerous b. more dangerous c. the most dangerous d. dangerously
4.The leaves turned .....
a.green and greener c. more green and green
b.greener and greener d. more green and more green
5.“Tom and John are clever”
“Yes, but Ann is … of them”
a. cleverer b. the same clever c. the cleverest d. most clever
IV. Read and understand the text and answer the questions that follow.
Brazil
Does anybody know anything about Brazil? Yes, the football team is one of the best in the world. It has great players like Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Adriano. Now let me tell you more about Brazil. You know, Brazil is the largest country in South America. And.. it’s also the fifth largest country in world. Does anybody know where Brazil is? Yes, it’s located in the eastern part of South America. Here…look at the world map. Remember the compass rose? north..south..east..west.
Now what about the people? They are friendly, outgoing, and they also like to have fun. They’re fun-loving people. Well…if you’ve heard about samba, then you must know that the samba dance is from Brazil. The people love to sing and dance the samba. Oh…yes…they also love to sunbathe… lying on the beach ..er.. to have their skin tanned…I mean, to make their skin darker.
Comprehension questions:
1. Where is Brazil located?
2. How large is Brazil?
3. How do you describe the people of Brazil?
4. What do Brazilians like to do?
5. Why do they like to sunbathe?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
Thousands of people visit Pisa’s famous tower each year and wonder just how much longer it can exist without falling.
Millions of dollars have been spent to stop the tower crashing to the ground. Soft, shifting soil has always been the tower’s problem. Recently, it was discovered that the tower had moved two millimeters. This was a great setback because engineers had previously corrected about twenty millimeters of the lean by using an inventive underground cables idea to straighten the tower. Pisa would hate to lose its precious Campo dei Miracoli and the tourist dollars it generates.
Comprehension questions:
1. How much has been spent to save the tower?
2. What recently caused concern?
3. What causes the tower to move?
4. How are they trying to correct the fault?
5. What is the real name of the Leaning Tower of Pisa?
www.karagus.blogspot.com/August’08
1. Asking for a help and the response
2. Asking for something and the response
II. Please describe the following animals at least four sentences each:
1. snake
2. penguin
3. giraffe
4. monkey
5. elephant
III. Choose the correct answer!
1.Jakarta is the.....city in Indonesia.
a. big b. bigger c. biggest d. more bigger
2.Please drive ...... The road is slippery.
a. slow b. more slowly c. more slow d. slower
3.Riding too fast is.......than riding slowly.
a. dangerous b. more dangerous c. the most dangerous d. dangerously
4.The leaves turned .....
a.green and greener c. more green and green
b.greener and greener d. more green and more green
5.“Tom and John are clever”
“Yes, but Ann is … of them”
a. cleverer b. the same clever c. the cleverest d. most clever
IV. Read and understand the text and answer the questions that follow.
Brazil
Does anybody know anything about Brazil? Yes, the football team is one of the best in the world. It has great players like Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Adriano. Now let me tell you more about Brazil. You know, Brazil is the largest country in South America. And.. it’s also the fifth largest country in world. Does anybody know where Brazil is? Yes, it’s located in the eastern part of South America. Here…look at the world map. Remember the compass rose? north..south..east..west.
Now what about the people? They are friendly, outgoing, and they also like to have fun. They’re fun-loving people. Well…if you’ve heard about samba, then you must know that the samba dance is from Brazil. The people love to sing and dance the samba. Oh…yes…they also love to sunbathe… lying on the beach ..er.. to have their skin tanned…I mean, to make their skin darker.
Comprehension questions:
1. Where is Brazil located?
2. How large is Brazil?
3. How do you describe the people of Brazil?
4. What do Brazilians like to do?
5. Why do they like to sunbathe?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
Thousands of people visit Pisa’s famous tower each year and wonder just how much longer it can exist without falling.
Millions of dollars have been spent to stop the tower crashing to the ground. Soft, shifting soil has always been the tower’s problem. Recently, it was discovered that the tower had moved two millimeters. This was a great setback because engineers had previously corrected about twenty millimeters of the lean by using an inventive underground cables idea to straighten the tower. Pisa would hate to lose its precious Campo dei Miracoli and the tourist dollars it generates.
Comprehension questions:
1. How much has been spent to save the tower?
2. What recently caused concern?
3. What causes the tower to move?
4. How are they trying to correct the fault?
5. What is the real name of the Leaning Tower of Pisa?
www.karagus.blogspot.com/August’08
English for Grade 8(Exercise.2)
Read the text carefully and choose the best answer!
You can easily be accused of committing a tourism sin if you’re in Semarang and failed to visit the Ambarawa Railway Museum.
This museum is situated less than an hour’s drive from the capital of Central Java. During the Dutch colonial days, Ambarawa was a military zone and the railway station was used to transport troops to Semarang through Kedungjati. It is at 474m above sea level, giving you unpolluted fresh air to breathe.
The Ambarawa Railway Museum is well-maintained. It is a medium-sized building. The railway route is offered to visitors. You can enjoy the beautiful panorama during the route. All in all, this is a truly exciting treasure to visit.
(Source:Dit. PSMP, 2006)
1.What is the main idea of the above paragraph?
a.Semarang, a historical city
b.A military zone in Semarang
c.A tourism Sin
d.Ambarawa Railway Museum
2.How long does it take if you go by car from Semarang to Ambarawa Railway Museum?
a.two hours
b.one hour
c.not more than an hour
d.less than two hours
3.The following statements are correct, EXCEPT…
a.Ambarawa became a military zone during Dutch colonial
b.The railway is still used to transport troops to Semarang
c.The air is fresh and unpolluted
d.The visitors can enjoy the beautiful panorama by taking the railway route
4.Understand the second paragraph of the passage. What does the word “It” in the last sentence of the paragraph refer to?
a.The capital of Central Java
b.The museum
c.Semarang
d.Kedungjati
Iceland is a very unique island—in fact, it’s like nowhere else on earth. The interior of this island contains incredible contrasts. It has tundras, huge glaciers, volcanoes, and waterfalls. Swimsuit maker ‘Speedo’ sells a very large number of bathing suits in Iceland. The island’s climate is cool, but most people don’t pay money for heat.
Energy is very cheap and it doesn’t cause pollution, because they use geothermal heat from under the ground. They use water from volcanoes, hot springs and geysers. Icelanders eat fresh fruit and vegetables all year, but they rarely buy them from other countries. Icelanders like to play golf all night during the summer.
Notes on vocabulary:
geyser : a hot spring that shoots water into the air.
glacier: a large body of ice that moves slowly over land.
tundra : a large, flat area of frozen land without trees.
5.The purpose of the text is ….
a.to invite people to visit Iceland
b.to tell about the activities of Icelanders
c.to describe an Island, called Iceland
d.to describe about swimsuit maker
6.What do the Icelanders mostly eat everyday?
a.Fruit and vegetables that are bought from other countries.
b.Fruit only
c.Vegetables only
d.Fruit and vegetables from their own country.
7.The following statements are true according to the text, EXCEPT…
a.We cannot find an island like Iceland in other part of the world.
b.The island of Iceland has very great contrasts.
c.The Icelanders get the heat from tundras.
d.The Icelanders get heat from volcanoes.
Cairo is the largest city in Egypt. Here you can always roll back the centuries. Modern Cairo has tall buildings and broad streets equal to any in the capitals of Europe or Australia. From the top floors of impressive blocks of flats, you can gaze at magnificent views across the river Nile.
However behind the modern buildings are narrow alleys where there is no sound of traffic. The only sounds that come to your ears are the calls of the stall-holders. Water sellers and herdsmen wander through the streets as their forefathers did thousands of years ago. Many of the poorer people still dress in the same way as their ancestors.
8.In which country is Cairo situated?
a.Egypt
b.Australia
c.In the capital of Europe
d.Behind the modern buildings
9.From where is the best place to absorb the views of the Nile?
a.the streets
b.the river
c.the top floors of flats
d.behind the buildings
10.“you can gaze at magnificent views across the river Nile.” The underlined words means…..
a.to look at something for a long time
b.to go
c.to guess
d.to get gasoline
You can easily be accused of committing a tourism sin if you’re in Semarang and failed to visit the Ambarawa Railway Museum.
This museum is situated less than an hour’s drive from the capital of Central Java. During the Dutch colonial days, Ambarawa was a military zone and the railway station was used to transport troops to Semarang through Kedungjati. It is at 474m above sea level, giving you unpolluted fresh air to breathe.
The Ambarawa Railway Museum is well-maintained. It is a medium-sized building. The railway route is offered to visitors. You can enjoy the beautiful panorama during the route. All in all, this is a truly exciting treasure to visit.
(Source:Dit. PSMP, 2006)
1.What is the main idea of the above paragraph?
a.Semarang, a historical city
b.A military zone in Semarang
c.A tourism Sin
d.Ambarawa Railway Museum
2.How long does it take if you go by car from Semarang to Ambarawa Railway Museum?
a.two hours
b.one hour
c.not more than an hour
d.less than two hours
3.The following statements are correct, EXCEPT…
a.Ambarawa became a military zone during Dutch colonial
b.The railway is still used to transport troops to Semarang
c.The air is fresh and unpolluted
d.The visitors can enjoy the beautiful panorama by taking the railway route
4.Understand the second paragraph of the passage. What does the word “It” in the last sentence of the paragraph refer to?
a.The capital of Central Java
b.The museum
c.Semarang
d.Kedungjati
Iceland is a very unique island—in fact, it’s like nowhere else on earth. The interior of this island contains incredible contrasts. It has tundras, huge glaciers, volcanoes, and waterfalls. Swimsuit maker ‘Speedo’ sells a very large number of bathing suits in Iceland. The island’s climate is cool, but most people don’t pay money for heat.
Energy is very cheap and it doesn’t cause pollution, because they use geothermal heat from under the ground. They use water from volcanoes, hot springs and geysers. Icelanders eat fresh fruit and vegetables all year, but they rarely buy them from other countries. Icelanders like to play golf all night during the summer.
Notes on vocabulary:
geyser : a hot spring that shoots water into the air.
glacier: a large body of ice that moves slowly over land.
tundra : a large, flat area of frozen land without trees.
5.The purpose of the text is ….
a.to invite people to visit Iceland
b.to tell about the activities of Icelanders
c.to describe an Island, called Iceland
d.to describe about swimsuit maker
6.What do the Icelanders mostly eat everyday?
a.Fruit and vegetables that are bought from other countries.
b.Fruit only
c.Vegetables only
d.Fruit and vegetables from their own country.
7.The following statements are true according to the text, EXCEPT…
a.We cannot find an island like Iceland in other part of the world.
b.The island of Iceland has very great contrasts.
c.The Icelanders get the heat from tundras.
d.The Icelanders get heat from volcanoes.
Cairo is the largest city in Egypt. Here you can always roll back the centuries. Modern Cairo has tall buildings and broad streets equal to any in the capitals of Europe or Australia. From the top floors of impressive blocks of flats, you can gaze at magnificent views across the river Nile.
However behind the modern buildings are narrow alleys where there is no sound of traffic. The only sounds that come to your ears are the calls of the stall-holders. Water sellers and herdsmen wander through the streets as their forefathers did thousands of years ago. Many of the poorer people still dress in the same way as their ancestors.
8.In which country is Cairo situated?
a.Egypt
b.Australia
c.In the capital of Europe
d.Behind the modern buildings
9.From where is the best place to absorb the views of the Nile?
a.the streets
b.the river
c.the top floors of flats
d.behind the buildings
10.“you can gaze at magnificent views across the river Nile.” The underlined words means…..
a.to look at something for a long time
b.to go
c.to guess
d.to get gasoline
Langgan:
Entri (Atom)
